Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS satellites) are a type of technology that, to us, is invisible. That said, we rely on navigation satellites every day without even realizing it. So, what exactly is a global navigation satellite system? How does it work? And how do we use these pieces of technology throughout the day? Stick around to learn more!
Global navigation satellite systems: what are they and what do they do?
A global navigation satellite system, also known as GNSS satellites, is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The purpose of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is to relay navigation data, positioning data, and timing data from space to strategically placed GNSS receivers on Earth.
These satellite constellations provide global coverage and make it possible for regular electronic devices like our cell phones, computers, and other electronics to identify where they are located, their positioning, and navigation through radio waves. The device must connect to at least four satellites to accurately position itself. Control stations on Earth collect this data before analyzing the signals and transmit corrections for time and orbits back to multiple satellites.
History of GNSS development
In the 1970s, the United States military developed GPS, making it the first GNSS in history. Soon after, Russia launched GLONASS in the 1980s. These systems were then followed by the European Union's Galileo and China's BeiDou in the 2000s, along with Japan's QZSS and India's NavIC, which provided regional coverage in Southeast Asia.
Key functions of GNSS
The key function of a satellite navigation system is that it enables real-time location tracking. Additionally, geostationary satellites support telecommunications, the financial sector, scientific research, creating maps, and urban planning to name a few. In everyday life, these satellite navigation systems allow us to use our mobile phones, ride-share apps like Lyft and Uber, emergency response sectors, aviation, and more aspects of our daily lives.
Types of GNSS satellites
Currently, there are four satellites or GNSS constellations that you should know about. These regional navigation satellite systems are portions of the overall global satellite navigation system and ultimately contribute to the global coverage and connectivity we all benefit from. Here is a look at these different GNSS systems circulating the Earth:
Global positioning system (United States)
The global positioning system (GPS) is overseen by the U.S. Space Force. Fun fact: It was the first constellation ever launched into space in 1978. Today, the GPS has a total of 31 satellites that transmit and receive radio frequencies:
- GLONASS satellites (Russia): The GLONASS was originally developed by the Soviet Union, and the first satellite was launched into space in 1982. However, it wasn't until 2010 that the entire GNSS constellations were fully functioning. Today, GLONASS is operated by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces with a total of 24 satellites.
- Galileo (European Union): Next, we have Galileo, which is operated by the European Union. Unlike other GNSS constellations, Galileo wasn't launched until 2011. Currently, there are a total of 30 satellites across three orbital planes. New satellites are set to launch between 2024 and 2030 to further optimize reliability.
- BeiDou (China): BeiDou was launched in 2000 and is operated by the China National Space Administration. There are currently 40 BeiDou satellites orbiting Earth, and there are plans to expand regional navigation satellite systems. Again, to enhance and optimize global coverage.
- QZSS (Japan): The QZSS, also known as the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System, is overseen by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and was first launched in 2010. Unlike other GNSS satellites that offer a global service, the QZSS is a regional GNSS that spans between Japan and Australia. It currently has four satellites in total.
- IRNSS/NavIC (India): Lastly, we have IRNSS/NavIC from India, which is operated by the Indian Space Research Organization. Similar to Japan, the satellite's orbit regionally from India to Saudi Arabia, parts of China, and parts of Western Australia.
Orbit heights and satellite positioning
GNSS satellites are typically positioned in what is known as a Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). These altitudes range from 20,000 kilometres to 23,000 kilometres. At this altitude range, MEO satellites create a balance that supports both global coverage and signal transmission strength, guaranteeing reliable connections here on Earth.
Comparing GNSS systems
- GPS vs. Galileo: Galileo provides sub-meter accuracy, which allows users to plot a desired position within a radius of the actual true point, compared to GPS’s 3–5 meters. This makes GPS more precise for navigation than Galileo.
- GLONASS vs. BeiDou: BeiDou has a larger GNSS constellation. Because of this, BeiDou has a better global reach, while GLONASS performs better at high latitudes, which makes it better suited for northern regions.
How are GNSS systems measured?
When it comes to measuring GNSS data that satellites transmit and their performance, there are four criteria used:
Accuracy
Accuracy measures the difference between the GNSS receivers' precise point positioning, speed, and precise timing relative to the actual object.
Integrity
Integrity measures the trust a user segment has in the actual data the satellite broadcasts, including the system's ability to warn users when GNSS measurements are not accurate.
Continuity
Continuity measures the GNSS system's overall ability to perform its intended function without being interrupted.
Availability
Availability measures the overall percentage of time the global navigation satellite system is available.
How GNSS signals are transmitted and received
GNSS satellites are constantly transmitting low-power radio signals that travel at the speed of light. These radio waves consist of orbital data and timing information, which allows GNSS receivers located on Earth to pinpoint their exact location.
GNSS receivers use trilateration, which uses a direct measurement from at least four satellites. Essentially, it measures the time it takes for a signal to arrive and then uses this data to provide a precise location. Ultimately, the more satellite signals it uses, the more accurate the location will be.
Real-time corrections and augmentation systems
To enhance accuracy, ground control stations monitor different GNSS systems and look for any errors in their orbit or timing. Corrections are then sent directly to satellites or users using augmentation systems, including:
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Wide Area Augmentation Systems, which improves aviation accuracy across North America.
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European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service, which enhances satellite signals in Europe.
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Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems, which do corrections for land surveying and navigation.
What are the factors that impact a global navigation satellite's signal accuracy?
As we mentioned, a GNSS system provides an incredibly accurate positioning within a few centimetres if environmental conditions are favourable and the GNSS devices are high-quality. To put this into perspective, a cell phone's accuracy is within 5 metres while GNSS accuracy is superior and down to centimetres.
The most accurate measure a navigation satellite system can provide is when dual-frequency GNSS receivers or augmentation systems are beneath a clear sky. However, certain factors can impact a navigation satellite system GNSS and its ability to accurately measure satellite tracking, including:
Geo obstructions
Tall buildings, heavy tree coverage, and bridges could block satellite signals and a GNSS receiver's ability to obtain data, creating an urban canyon effect where signals are lost. This is why using your devices underground or inside can be difficult.
Signal multipath systems
When satellite systems bounce off of reflective surfaces, like glass high-rises or water, before they reach GNSS receivers, it can lead to inaccurate positioning.
Solar activity
Solar flares and geomagnetic storms can severely disrupt radio signals, leading to errors.
Ionospheric and tropospheric delays
GNSS signals travel through the ionosphere and troposphere, where signals can slow down or be distorted. This can lead to errors that receivers and augmented systems must correct.
Navigate the world with confidence using Global Navigation Satellite Systems and ensure peace of mind by securing insurance through BrokerLink. Explore comprehensive coverage options tailored to your needs and stay protected on every journey. Contact BrokerLink today to learn more about how we can provide the insurance solutions you need.
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What is the difference between GPS and global navigation satellite systems?
Okay, now that we have a better idea about a navigation satellite system (GNSS), you may be wondering if GNSS systems are the same as global positioning systems (GPS). While these two terms can be used interchangeably, there is a slight difference that you should be aware of.
When we're talking about GNSS systems, we're referring to all the satellites orbiting Earth to provide global coverage.
In contrast, a global position system simply refers to the GNSS system that is owned and operated by the United States. Think of it as a component of the global satellite constellation.
GNSS satellites and The Internet of Things
GNSS receivers analyze satellite signals to provide real-time navigation, tracking, and timing, which is imperative for the Internet of Things and its management. Today, there are billions of devices around the world connected to the internet, and the ability for new devices and systems to be created and function in the future relies heavily on global navigation satellite systems.
Overall, the significance of GNSS and the Internet of Things lies in a device's ability to locate where it is relative to the devices around it. For example, a car's ability to sense other obstacles and vehicles around it can help drivers avoid car accidents ahead of time. It really goes without saying that the options and applications that use GNSS are endless.
GNSS system applications
As we mentioned, GNSS systems are used by humans every single day and contribute to a lot of luxuries and applications. Here's a closer look at the top modern applications of satellite-based augmentation systems:
Transportation and logistics
Have you ever ordered a package online that you've been anticipating the arrival of for days? With real-time GNSS signals, you're able to track your package right to your doorstep. GNSS signals are also heavily relied upon by the transportation sector by trains, marine, and aviation. Imagine that without the help of GNSS systems, pilots wouldn't be able to get you to your intended destination!
Tracking and security
With a navigation system, you can quickly locate your vehicle if it's been stolen. On the other hand, if you're afraid of losing your luggage while travelling, you can use an Apple Air Tag to keep an eye on your belongings while you're in transit. This, again, is all thanks to GNSS systems.
Fitness trackers and phones
Whether it be fitness trackers counting your steps or the navigation system on your cell phone, a satellite transmits information about where you're located in real time. In addition, in an emergency where authorities are on their way to you, the navigation system on your phone or in your vehicle will help police by giving them a precise location where they need to reach you.
Vehicles
And, of course, most modern vehicles come equipped with a navigation system allowing you to get to where you need to go without looking at a paper map! These systems can also provide data about how heavy traffic is throughout your travels and give you alternate routes to save you time.
How GNSS is revolutionizing industries
GNSS technology continues to transform numerous industries throughout society by improving the efficiency of location data. Here's a closer look at some industries that benefit from modernized GNSS infrastructure:
Agriculture and precision farming
Farmers across the globe rely on GNSS tractor guidance systems to optimize their field navigation, which helps them improve their crops and reduce waste. With real-time kinematic positioning, farmers can take advantage of precise seeding, irrigation, and fertilization distribution. This means a lower environmental impact through fuel usage and lower farming costs.
Disaster response and emergency services
GNSS is also essential to search and rescue operations as it allows emergency personnel to accurately locate missing individuals in remote locations or disaster-stricken areas. At the same time, GNSS is also used to detect tectonic plate shifts, which helps improve early earthquake warning systems.
Further, GNSS-powered apps play a vital role in assisting evacuation efforts by helping people navigate their way to safe zones and coordinate aid distribution/medical assistance.
Autonomous vehicles and smart cities
From self-driving cars that rely on real-time GNSS navigation, route optimization, and lane positioning to smart cities that utilize GNSS to support traffic management, public transportation, and infrastructure management, GNSS also plays a role in the world we interact with each and every day.
GPS safety tips
While global positioning systems are common in most cars these days, they can also lead to several safety issues by helping criminals rob your home, which is why GPS safety is essential. Here's what you need to do:
Reprogram your home address
In the event your car is broken into while you're out and a criminal manages to turn your vehicle on, they can get your home address that's programmed in your GPS. As such, instead of programming your home address into your global positioning system installed in your vehicle, consider a nearby address like a gas station.
Keep valuables out of sight
When parking in a public location, make sure to keep your valuables out of sight by storing them in your trunk or glove box. Better yet, consider taking these items with you or leaving them at home altogether. Thieves are attracted to items they can see lying in your car, which could make you a target.
Make sure your home is secure
At home, make sure your doors and windows are always locked. If your home isn't already equipped with a security system and cameras, consider installing these for additional protection. Additionally, consider keeping the outdoor lights on around your home to ensure visibility remains optimal at night, as this can also deter criminals.
Protect your vehicle with comprehensive car insurance
To ensure roadways in Canada are safe for all motorists, having car insurance is a legal requirement. However, the minimum coverage you require will vary between provinces and territories. Beyond minimum coverage plans, there are also different types of auto insurance you can add to supplement the level of protection you have. The following types of insurance coverages will be listed below:
Third-party liability insurance (mandatory)
Third-party liability insurance is a mandatory insurance policy required by all drivers in Canada. With this type of insurance policy, you'll be protected in the event you cause bodily harm or property damage to a third party while operating a motor vehicle. Should a lawsuit be filed against you, third-party liability insurance will cover the cost of repairs, replacements, medical bills, legal fees, and settlement funds up to your policy limits. While the minimum coverage for third parties varies, most motorists opt for higher limits, given that it provides more protection and peace of mind at the end of the day.
Accident benefits coverage (mandatory)
With the exception of Newfoundland and Labrador, accident benefits coverage is another mandatory and vital insurance policy for motorists if they are involved in an accident where injuries occur. If you, your passengers, or pedestrians are injured in a motor vehicle collision, accident benefits coverage will cover the cost of medical bills, rehabilitation costs, and other health-related fees that may incur during your recovery, regardless of who is found at fault for the accident.
Uninsured automobile insurance (mandatory)
The last mandatory car insurance policy for Canadians is uninsured automobile insurance coverage. Let's say that you are involved in an accident with another at-fault driver who does not have or doesn't have enough insurance to fairly compensate you for your losses. Without this car policy, you'd be left to cover the rest of your expenses for vehicle repairs. But, with uninsured auto coverage, you can rest assured knowing that you will not have to pay out of pocket for any repairs or replacements if the other driver involved is not adequately covered.
Additionally, if you are in a hit-and-run accident where the other driver flees the scene before you are able to exchange information, this insurance policy will also provide you with the protection needed to navigate the aftermath.
Collision coverage (optional)
Moving onto optional car insurance policies that you may want to think about purchasing anyway, we have collision car coverage. With this insurance policy, your needed vehicle repairs or replacements will be covered by your insurance policy following a car accident for which you have been deemed at fault, up to your policy limits. Keep in mind that collision car coverage requires policyholders to pay a deductible before their insurance will kick in and cover the rest of the costs. Deductibles range from $200 to $1000, depending on your insurance company.
Comprehensive car coverage (optional)
Comprehensive car coverage is another optional policy that is highly recommended. Similar to collision car insurance, comprehensive insurance will cover the cost of your vehicle repairs or replacements. However, the difference between the two policies is that comprehensive will cover your vehicle repairs if your car is damaged as a result of a non-collision event. For example, common perils included in this insurance policy include theft, vandalism, falling objects, fire damage, and severe weather conditions. Again, you'll need to pay a deductible out of pocket before your comprehensive insurance will cover the remaining costs.
Accident forgiveness (optional)
One final type of optional car insurance coverage popular among Canadian drivers is accident forgiveness. Accident forgiveness is additional coverage that can be added to your car insurance policy as an endorsement to protect your driving record and to help prevent your insurance premium from increasing if you have an at-fault accident claim. Note: coverage varies by province
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